The kinetic process of covalent bonding on small regions around binding sites on enzymatic and receptor proteins extends linear elements out to attract molecules, with specific distributions of charges hydration orientations, into the sites for ridged bonding in specific orientations.Īs natural molecules formed in the earliest phases of evolution, those with surfaces of equal hydration-ordering lengths, which could combine, lose the ordered water and assemble spontaneously to form the stable anhydrous cores of nucleic acids and proteins, survived. Also, once ice-bonding is initiated on an hexagonal surface, it propagates linear order out beyond the origin to produce an hexagonal patterning, even before covalent bonding is complete.įor a number of years, spectral studies indicated that proteins and nucleic acids, like DNA, were surround by ice-like forms, but it was a mystery because, when the molecules were isolated and examined, water was sometimes in thermodynamic positions and, sometimes in liquid-like forms, but never surrounded by ordered forms. If water is on a random surface, like glass, it can be cooled to -30 degrees C without crystallizing. Unless water is on a surface where atoms or ions are in the same positions as water molecules in the surface of ice, freezing does not occur.
Although the figure below displays water as a ridged cubic form on an hexagonal surface, the drawing is deceptive because covalent bond-formation and breaking is extremely complex and dynamic. Thus, as liquid water molecules approach the lipid surface of a polypeptide, they lose energy to adjacent water molecules, form low-energy covalent bonding, straighten the segment and, if enough hydration order is produced around the segment, withdraw (suck) energy from it and convert it into a lower-energy unit, like a beta-turn or a coil.
However, it was not until 2004 that the trimer was identified by neutron bombardment in liquid water and 20 that Professor Zewail and his group at CIT, using 4D ultra-high-speed electron crystallography at sub-zero temperatures, found that water on a graphite and poly-ionic surface, forms several layers of linear elements in cubic ice conformations. Thus, at the turn of the century, it seemed that water molecules on surfaces might be held together by both high- and low-energy bonds, with low-energy-bonds as covalent, with the electron orbital of the hydrogen atom in one molecule overlapping the electron orbital of an adjacent molecule. At the same time, molecular orbital calculations suggested that the most stable ordered unit in liquid water might be the triplet, with the same bond-length, and that as many as five or six water molecules might bond together to form ice-like linear elements on non-hydrogen-bonding lipid surfaces. However, in 1970, deflection of X-rays from the surface of water detected two minor peaks which corresponded to three and four molecules bonded together in ice-like forms, 2.76 Angstroms apart - the same as in ice. When the term was introduced, liquid water was considered to be a random medium, with its molecules bound together by weak, high-energy bonds which constantly form and break and last only about a million millionth of a second. "In a closed system, there must be some sort of sucking of energy by the environment to have moved molecules from randomness toward order." Although a number of alternative terms were developed to explain it in essence, his concept implied that liquid water must possess some sort of property, or structural order, to have withdrawn energy from natural molecules as they originally formed and moved them spontaneously into lower-energy, cooperatively-functioning forms. In 1944, Nobel Prizewinner, Erwin Schrodinger, wrestling with the dilemma that natural molecules appear to have defied the Second Law of Thermodynamics and produced order in living cells proposed the term "negentropy" to describe it.
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